Exhibition Dates: September 25 – December 30, 2007
Exhibition Location: Galleries for Drawings, Prints and Photographs, and The Howard Gilman Gallery, second floor
Opening September 25 at the Metropolitan Museum, Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860, is the first major exhibition to survey British calotypes — works of exceptional beauty and rarity which are made from paper negatives and are among the earliest forays into the medium of photography. During the first two decades of photography, British photographers turned their lenses on family, nature, and the landscape at home, and on historic architecture, ruins of past civilizations, and exotica abroad. Impressed by Light presents works by 40 artists, including such masters as William Henry Fox Talbot, David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson, Roger Fenton, Benjamin Brecknell Turner, and Linnaeus Tripe, as well as many talented but unrecognized artists. The majority of the works featured have never before been exhibited or published in the U.S. and are unfamiliar to scholars and the public alike.
The exhibition is made possible by The Hite Foundation.
It was organized by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
"This exhibition fundamentally changes our understanding of photography's early development in the country of its birth, bringing together for the first time a host of photographic treasures that show an artistic flowering whose history has been hidden until now," remarked Malcolm Daniel, Curator in Charge of the Museum's Department of Photographs. "Impressed by Ligh is also a perfect complement to the Met's popular 2003–2004 exhibition The Dawn of Photography: French Daguerreotypes, 1839–1855, which showed masterpieces of the rival French process during the same period."
"Impressed by Light will be full of discoveries," explained Roger Taylor, guest curator of the exhibition. "Many of the artists included in the exhibition are unfamiliar even to specialists because their photographs were intended for private albums and for exchange with family and friends, rather than for publication and broad dissemination, and thus were printed in only one or a handful of examples." With 118 works lent by 27 public and private collections in the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and the United States, the exhibition will be the first occasion to see many of these photographs.
The invention of the calotype by Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot, announced to the public in 1841, was a major event in the development of the new medium of photography. Talbot's innovative method utilized a fine writing paper, photosensitized with chemical solutions, placed in a camera, and exposed to light to create a negative from which many positive prints could be made — the basic principle behind nearly all subsequent photography until the digital age. Most previous accounts of the history of early photography have assumed that the introduction of glass negatives in 1851 precipitated an almost immediate decline in the use of paper negatives. This exhibition will reveal, instead, a previously unrecognized artistic flourishing of the calotype among British photographers working on several continents during the 1850s.
Artists who chose to work with paper negatives even after the introduction of glass negatives did so either because they preferred its aesthetic qualities — a softening of detail and a massing of light and shadow — or because of its practical advantages for travel photography and hot climates. Equally important for many gentlemen-amateurs, the calotype distinguished its practitioners as artists, distinct from commercial photographers, who preferred the faster process and sharper images of glass negatives.
The exhibition will be in four sections. The Formative Years, 1839-1851 presents photographers' first forays into the paper negative process. During this period in Britain, the new medium of photography remained largely the province of its inventor Talbot and his circle of relatives and associates, with the notable exception of Scottish collaborators David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson.
The Calotype Finds Its Place focuses on the 1850s, when British artists took up paper-negative photography enthusiastically and with a sense of national pride for this homegrown invention. The larger public first witnessed the artistic potential of photography at the 1851 Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations at the Crystal Palace. Many of the new practitioners inspired by this display were gentlemen of leisure and learning with wide interests in the arts and sciences. They were encouraged in their photographic pursuits by the formation of the Photographic Society in 1853, and their work was facilitated by the loosening of Talbot's patent restrictions that same year. Exhibiting a preference for subjects such as ancient oaks, rural life, seaside vistas, ships, ruined abbeys, cottages, and castles, British calotypes of this period generally reflect a retreat into nature and an idealized past as an antidote to the modern, industrial society that was emerging at the time.
The calotype was especially well suited to travel and exploration; unlike glass negatives, paper negatives could be prepared well in advance of their use and developed long after, eliminating the need for a complete portable darkroom. Echoes of the Grand Tour features photographs that amounted to a virtual journey throughout France, Spain, Italy, and Greece for the 19th-century armchair traveler who, until the advent of photography, had relied on written descriptions and often fanciful or inaccurate engravings.
Under an Indian Sky illustrates how the paper negative thrived in India well into the 1860s. Particularly well suited to the hot and dusty Indian climate, the calotype was favored by the two most talented and prolific early photographers of the subcontinent, John Murray and Linnaeus Tripe. In addition to showing Indian and Burmese architecture that, for viewers back home, was exotic and fantastic, the photographs in this section reveal aspects of the complex relationship between native Indian culture and British colonials at a moment of great turmoil.
The exhibition concludes with The Lost Work, a continuous digital slide show of approximately 50 paper negatives and their digitally generated positives. This allows visitors to see superb examples of the calotype that survive only as negatives.
Impressed by Light has been organized by guest curator Roger Taylor, Professor of Photographic History at De Montfort University, Leicester, and former Curator of Photographs at the National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television in Bradford, England; Malcolm Daniel, Curator in Charge of the Metropolitan's Department of Photographs; and Sarah Greenough, Senior Curator of Photographs at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Exhibition design at the Metropolitan Museum for Impressed by Light is by Daniel Kershaw, Senior Exhibition Designer; graphics are by Emil Micha, Senior Graphic Design Manager; and lighting is by Richard Lichte and Clint Coller, Senior Lighting Designers, all of the Museum's Design Department.
The exhibition catalogue for Impressed by Light, written by Roger Taylor, features a groundbreaking examination of the artistic, social, and economic context of the British calotype. The catalogue also includes a biographical dictionary of more than 500 British calotypists — the most complete scholarly resource on the subject — by Larry J. Schaaf, an independent scholar of 19th-century photography, in collaboration with Mr. Taylor. Impressed by Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840-1860 is published by The Metropolitan Museum of Art and distributed by Yale University Press, $75, hardcover.
The catalogue is made possible by Howard Stein.
Additional support is provided by the Mary C. and James W. Fosburgh Publications Fund and the Roswell L. Gilpatric Publications Fund.
The catalogue is published with the assistance of The Getty Foundation.
Impressed by Light is accompanied by a range of education programs, including a private gallery tour with Malcolm Daniel on Monday, December 17 (limited availability); a program for teachers on Saturday, December 1; and a Sunday at the Met program on September 30, featuring literary readings introduced by Roger Taylor and lectures by Malcolm Daniel; Duncan Forbes, senior curator of photography, National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh; and John Falconer, head of visual materials and curator of photographs, The British Library. Public gallery talks will be offered at 11 a.m. on October 3, October 30, November 8, November 20, November 29, December 7, December 13, and December 21. The exhibition will also be featured on the Museum's Web site, www.metmuseum.org.
Impressed by Light will be on view at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. from February 3 to May 4, 2008, and at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris, from May 26 to September 7, 2008.
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September 24, 2007
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