In the period from 1400 to 1600 A.D., Iraq is initially under the rule of a series of Turko-Mongol dynasties; then, in the sixteenth century, it becomes part of the Ottoman empire until the twentieth century. Iraq is no longer the geographical center of empires but is incorporated as a province into those centered elsewhere (Iran, Anatolia, or the Balkan Peninsula). This change in status is also reflected in the arts of the period. Baghdad, the former center of manuscript illustration in the Islamic world, only occasionally witnesses a revival of the arts of the book.